ae 25 lavender 1 provence 060407

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Dong-Sun Lee Chemical Analysis & Technology Lab. Department of Chemistry Seoul Women’s University http://mail.swu.ac.kr/~cat dslee@mail.swu.ac.kr Lands of Lavender : Provence, France Aroma expedition Lecture note : Lavender Dong-Sun Lee / Copyright. All rights reserved.

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General information of lavender Botanical Name: Lavendula angustifolia (Syn.; L. officinalis ; L. vera ; L. spica) Belongs to Labiatae. L. Angustifolia is native to the Pyrenees in southern France, northeast Spain, Switzerland and northern Italy.

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Lavendula angustifolia Lavandin type flowerhead Lavendula stoechas

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L. angustifolia L. ‘Marshwood’

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Brief History The name of Lavender is a derivative of the Latin word “lavare”, meaning “to wash”, and was a bathing ritual herb in Roman times. The name angustifolia means narrow leaved. It was said to avert the “eye of evil” and was a flower and essence dedicated to the Goddess of Witches and Sorcerers, Hecate. Folklore is riffled with the ability of this tartly camphoraceous, yet spicy and warm, sensual flower. It is purported to invoke ecstasy and constancy in love. The Greeks and Romans used lavender (L. stoechas and L. vera) to make wines, vinegars, ointments and perfumes . Dioscorides, a Greek physician, described lavender as having slender twigs and hair similar to thyme, only longer. Since the Middle Ages, the dried flowers have been one of the main ingredients of potpourri and fresh sprigs were included in herbal bunches, known as “tussie mussies”, to mask unpleasant household odours and ward off fevers.

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Essential oil glands on lavandin calyx Secretory glands on the surface of the lavender plant. Also shows non-secretory glands. Courtesy of: Microscopix, Middle Travelly, Beguildy, Knighton, Powys, Wales. 072702 http://www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Aromatherapy/colin49.htm

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Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of L. angustifolia, Grosso and Abrialis lavandin, and spike lavender oils. Data are taken from ISO standards 3515, 8902, 3054 and 4719, and AFNOR standards NFT 75-301, 75-304, 75-303 and 75-201 respectively J.A.McGimpsey and N.G.Porter, 1999; Lavender a growers’ guide for commercial production

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Table 1: Continued J.A.McGimpsey and N.G.Porter, 1999; Lavender a growers’ guide for commercial production

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Table 2: Acceptable ranges of major components for L. angustifolia, Grosso and Abrialis lavandin, and spike lavender oils. Data are taken from ISO standards 3515, 8902 and 3054, and AFNOR standards NFT 75-301, 75-304, 75-303 and 75-201 respectively. The level of each component is expressed as the peak area percentage of the whole oil measured by gas chromatography (ns-not specified). The ISO standard 4719 for spike lavender does not give detailed specification of the levels of these major components. J.A.McGimpsey and N.G.Porter, 1999; Lavender a growers’ guide for commercial production

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Gas chromatogram of Grosso lavandin oil showing constituents and corresponding peaks. Total ion chromatograms of floral fragrances in dried Lavender ‘Hidcote’ collected by solid phase trapping-solvent extraction with porapak–Q.

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“A good lavender contains a high proportion of linalyl acetate and linalool and a low proportion of camphor.” “Pharmaceutical lavender oil contains not less than 35% of esters calculated as linalyl acetate.” British Pharmacophoeia.

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Provence Alpes-Cote d’Azur , France Norfolk, UK The Royal Kew Gardens, London, UK Squim, Washington State, USA Nabowla, Tasmania, Australia

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http://www.beyond.fr/map/lav_map.html

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THE LAVENDER TRAIL BETWEEN THE LURE MOUNTAIN AND THE LUBERON On leaving Manosque, discover and admire the vast fields of lavender and other aromatic plants, visit typical Provençal villages, lavender distilleries, and contemplate the rich architectural heritage. Salagon: 12th century Benedictine priory, preserving Haute Provence ethnological heritage. Craux de Sauvan: stony plateaux between Mane and Saint Michel (astronomic observatory) which is propitious for growing all aromatic plants. Superb panorama over the Lure mountain and the southern Alps. Splendid old farms. Simiane-la-Rotonde: a village perched on a hill side and dominated by the famous 12th century Rotonde. 16th, 17th and 18th century town houses, small sloping streets. Distillery. Banon: built on a rocky peak, this is a 14th century fortified burg celebrated for its goats' and ewes' milk cheese. Forcalquier: capital of medieval Haute Provence, built on a hill side, overlooked by its ancient citadel. http://www.provencetourism.com/index_us.asp

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Arles Department : Bouches du Rhône Pop. : 51,614 Nearby:  [ Aix-en-Provence 76 km | Alpilles 20 km | Avignon 36 km | Les Baux-de-Provence 20 km | Camargue 5 km | Cavaillon 42 km | Glanum 23 km | Marseille 89 km | Nîmes 30 km | Saint Rémy-de-Provence 30 km | Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer 38 km |

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History of Arles Ancient: Arles is the site of the Phoenician town of Theline from the 7th century BC. Large amounts of 6th-c-BC Greek pottery found here indicate that this was a staging post for river traffic between Marseille (Massalia) and northern Gaul. In the 4th-century BC, this was the Celtic-Ligurian town of Arelate, meaning 'the town by the marshes'. Gallo-Roman: Arles was one of the richest urban centers in France during the Gallo-Roman period. In 102 BC, Marius started construction of the Fossae Marianae, a shipping canal paralleling the Grand Rhône from Arelate to the sea. In 46 BC, Roman legion veterans were settled here, in a large territory taken from the Salyen tribe and from Massalia. At this time, Arelate became Colonia sextanorum, and later Arles. Caesar used local shipyards for building warships to fight against Massalia in 49 BC. The port brought prosperity to Arles during the reign of Augustus, and by the time of Constantine (306-337) it was the second capital of the Empire. Ausonius called it "the little Rome of Gaul". Medieval: Barbarian invasions from the 5th to 9th centuries were devastating, and Arles didn't recover until Charlemagne's empire, when it became the capital of and independent state, the Kingdom of Arles. In 1521, Arles was permanently attached to the Comté de Provence. http://www.beyond.fr/villages/arles.html

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Amphitheatre Les Arles Built in the first century, Amphitheatre Les Arles can seat almost 25, 000 people. Bullfights are still held here throughout the summer months. There are three towers that visitors can climb that are left over from medieval times when the amphitheatre was turned into a fortress. It is important to note that the stone masonry is quite worn and can be unstable, and visitors should keep in mind that they visit the monument at their own risk. Address: Rond-pont des Arles  Arles  France http://www.provence.worldweb.com/Camargue/Arles/SightsAttractions/HistoricSitesInterpretiveCentres/index.html

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Place da la Major La fontaine de l'obélisque / Arles, Provence

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Van Gogh came here from Paris on 20 Feb 1888. He stayed 14 months, until 8 May 1889, having one of his most prolific times, producing 200 paintings. From 23 Oct to 26 Dec he was with Paul Gaugin. In 1888 van Gogh left Paris for southern France, where, under the burning sun of Provence, he painted scenes of the fields, cypress trees, peasants, and rustic life characteristic of the region. During this period, living at Arles, he began to use the swirling brush strokes and intense yellows, greens, and blues associated with such typical works as Bedroom at Arles (1888, Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh), and Starry Night (1889, Museum of Modern Art, New York City). For van Gogh all visible phenomena, whether he painted or drew them, seemed to be endowed with a physical and spiritual vitality. http://www.galenfrysinger.com/van_gogh.htm http://www.franceway.com/regions/provence/arles/arles.htm

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History Les Baux-de-Provence has been occupied as a defensive site throughout history. Celtic-Ligurian: signs of these ancient peoples have been found here, and there are both Celtic-Ligurian and Roman necropolis nearby to the north. Roman: Several Roman artifacts, including burial tombs and stèles (monoliths) mark this as a Roman defensive town. Medieval: The "Baux" family ruled from the 9th century until 1426 when the last of the lords died. Baux was integrated into the county of Provence, and then became part of France, along with Provence, in 1481. When the population revolted at this integration, Louis XI responded by "dismantling" the chateau. Baux became a barony, eventually ruled by Anne de Montmorency who rebuilt the castle and built the social life of the town to royal proportions. Les Baux-de-Provence Name The name Baou is the Provençal word for a prominent, elevated rock (like a protruding, narrow cliff). The "Baux" family became powerful here in the 9th century and ruled as Lords until the 15th century (1426). First record, 960: Balcium

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The aroma and perfume museum of Graveson en Provence The Museum spreads over 1 200 m2. It has an exceptional collection of artifacts, which invite us to ponder over the different stages involved in the creation of the essential oils of plants and perfumes of yesterday and today. Visitors can dream over the precious glass bottles which hold treasures. Also notably exposed and well preserved are copper stills of every size, instruments for distillation, pharmaceutical jars, 19th century laboratory equipement, a reduced scale perfume factory, a perfumer's organ with 300 bottles, a label collection, the first perfume posters from 1923, and old paintings ilustrating the life of perfumers. A room is devoted to perfume bottles associating the most famous pieces signed by Ren?Lalique, the legendary glass blower at the beginning of the century… Nelly Grosjean has been the founder of this enchanting place in 1977. http://www.viearome.com/index_en.htm

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AROMATHERAPY FROM PROVENCE - Nelly Grosjean The author is a leading contemporary specialist in aromatherapy. As well as growing, distilling and selling essential oils world-wide, she is a curator of Musee des Aromes et du Parfum, Graveson in Provence, which offers advice, consultations and training in aromatherapy. http://www.viearome.com/index_en.htm

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Avignon Avignon, city in southern France, capital of Vaucluse Department, on the Rhône River. It is a wine-trade and manufacturing center, producing processed food, leather, textiles, soaps, and chemicals. The University Center of Avignon (1973) is here. Name The name Avignon comes from "Avenio" which means "town of violent winds" or "town of the river". First record, in Roman texts from the first century BC: Avenio History Prehistoric: The Rocher des Doms in the center of Avignon was the site of neolithic habitation. Celtic-Ligurian: Several centuries prior to the Romans, this was a Celtic-Ligurian river port called Cavares. Roman: Avignon was a major Roman town until about the 5th century. Medieval: Through the medieval period, Avignon has a strong and well-documented history, including the Popes who ruled from here, ecclesiastically and sometimes politically.

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Avignon, city in southern France, capital of Vaucluse Department, on the Rhône River. It is a wine-trade and manufacturing center, producing processed food, leather, textiles, soaps, and chemicals. The University Center of Avignon (1973) is here. Places of interest within the city include a huge 14th-century palace that once served as a residence and fortress of the popes. The beautiful Gothic Basilica of Saint Peter (14th century) and the Cathedral of Notre Dame des Doms (12th century) are nearby, and just north of the palace, on rocky heights overlooking the Rhône River, are several public gardens. Only a fragment of the bridge of Saint Bénézet (12th century), to which the famous French song “Sur le Pont d'Avignon” refers, remains. However, the city still retains its massive 14th-century ramparts, which were only slightly damaged during World War II (1939-1945). In summer, the month-long Festival d'Avignon includes classical and contemporary theater productions.

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The Popes Clement V - From 1305 to 1314 (Bertrand de Got) Jean XXII - From 1316 to 1334 (Jacques Duèse) Benoit XII - From 1334 to 1342 (Jacques Fournier) Clement VI - From 1342 to 1352 (Pierre Roger) Innocent VI - From 1352 to 1362 (Etienne Aubert) Urbain V - From 1362 to 1370 (Guillaume Grimoard) Gregoire XI - From 1370 to 1378 (Pierre Rogier de Beaufort)

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Bridge of Saint Bénézet (12th century) Another famous monument is Avignon's bridge, which is officially named Saint Benezet bridge. It was built in the 12th century and was often damaged by raging flood waters. Moreover, the old town is surrounded with impressive medieval fortifications. The song "Sur Le Pont D'Avignon", by an anonymous composer, is now famous all round the world. Lyrics (version): Sur le pont d'Avignon L'on y danse, l'on y danse Sur le pont d'Avignon L'on y danse tous en rond Les beaux messieurs font comm' çà Et puis encore comm' çà …. On the bridge of Avignon Everyone is dancing …..

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080404_Brotte_musee_du_vin, Chateauneuf-du-Pape